The
Paper of English Business Course 2
“Connectors”
Created by:
Nuria Isna Asyar
25215215
Faculty
of Economics
Gunadarma
University
Preface
Praise be to God who has helped His servant finish this paper with
great ease. Without help she may not be able to complete the author well.
The paper is organized so that readers can find out more about Connectors,
be able to explain the notion of coordinating connectors, the meaning of
subordinating connectors, and also create sentence examples from sub-discussion.
Authors also thank the lecturer who have helped to finish this paper. Hopefully
this paper can provide a broader insight to the reader. Although this paper has
advantages and disadvantages, authors beg for advice and criticism.
Thank you.
Table of Contents
Preface..................................................................................................................................2
Table of Contents..................................................................................................................
3
Chapter I – INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 4
Chapter II – DISCUSSION.................................................................................................. 5
Chapter III – FINAL............................................................................................................ 10
References............................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter I – INTRODUCTION
In grammar,
a conjunction (abbreviated conj or cnj) is a part of
speech that connects words, phrases,
or clauses that
are called the conjuncts of the conjoining construction. The term discourse
marker is mostly used for conjunctions joining sentences.
This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes
a "conjunction" must be defined for each language.
In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle and it may or
may not stand between the items in a conjunction.
The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a
unit with the same function, e.g. "as
well as", "provided that".
A simple literary example of a
conjunction: "the truth of nature, and the power of
giving interest". (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria)
Conjunctions may be placed at the beginning of sentences: "But some
superstition about the practice persists".
Chapter II – DISCUSSION
Most traditional
grammars just repeat the established classification of conjunctions as being
either coordinating conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions. This neat
classification works in most cases, but for some words it does not. But and though can
often be used as synonyms; yet but is
listed as a coordinator, and though as
a subordinator.
Compare: He took part in the
competition, but he did not win.
and : He took part in the competition, though he did not win.
and : He took part in the competition, though he did not win.
Similarly, the old-fashioned
"coordinator" for, has
generally been replaced in modern English by as or
by because, which are classed as
subordinators.
Yet there is a real difference between but and though, and that is the way in which they are used. The clause starting with though in the examples above could possibly come before He took part in the competition, but the clause starting with but cannot do so.
Yet there is a real difference between but and though, and that is the way in which they are used. The clause starting with though in the examples above could possibly come before He took part in the competition, but the clause starting with but cannot do so.
OK Though
he did not win, he took part in the competition.
Not OKBut he did not win,
he took part in the competition.
Not OK
This suggests that the pertinent distinction between
different types of conjunction is not actually one of function, but one of
usage.
As for so, implying consequence, both David Crystal and Quirk, Greenbaum et.al. consider it as a subordinator; but many dictionaries and most Internet grammar sites, including Wikipedia, call it a coordinator. Coe, in the classic Learner's Grammar of English, carefully avoids calling it anything more than a conjunction.
As for so, implying consequence, both David Crystal and Quirk, Greenbaum et.al. consider it as a subordinator; but many dictionaries and most Internet grammar sites, including Wikipedia, call it a coordinator. Coe, in the classic Learner's Grammar of English, carefully avoids calling it anything more than a conjunction.
1.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating
conjunctions are used to link two clauses or phrases of equal value or equal
status.
There are only a small number of coordinating conjunctions in English: most sources repeat what others say, and list the following seven, using the convenient acronym FANBOYS.
There are only a small number of coordinating conjunctions in English: most sources repeat what others say, and list the following seven, using the convenient acronym FANBOYS.
·
for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
It is perhaps preferable to exclude for and so,
and prefer the acronym BANYO.
· For can be
forgotten, as it is hardly ever used as a coordinating conjunction in modern
English. It has been replaced by because or as....
which are clearly subordinators.
· As for So, grammar
books and websites provide contradictory and often ambiguous information. So
let's clarify the situation.
When so implies purpose it is clearly a subordinating conjunction. The subordinate clause can come before or after the main clause.
When so implies purpose it is clearly a subordinating conjunction. The subordinate clause can come before or after the main clause.
OK I
bought a new camera so I could take better pictures.
OK So I could take better pictures, I bought a new camera.
OK So I could take better pictures, I bought a new camera.
When so implies consequence linguists disagree as to
whether it is a coordinatora subordinator . But either way, the so clause
must follow the main clause. Probably the best way to define so implying
consequence is as a conjunctive adverb.
For
clarification see English grammar - so
OK I
bought a new camera so I took better pictures.
NOT OKSo I took better
pictures, I bought a new camera.
NOT OK
·
Many
online dictionaries and printed grammar books do not distinguish coherently
between the usage of so for purpose and so for
consequence, or are very ambiguous on this point.
·
And and or can link
individual words or clauses; yet, and but normally
only link clauses, but sometimes link two words. Nor cannot
link words when it is a coordinating conjunction it can only do so in partnership
with neither, as a correlative conjunction.
USAGE: Coordinating connectors give equal value to the two
elements that they coordinate.
They must be placed between the two elements that they coordinate.
They must be placed between the two elements that they coordinate.
Examples :
I
want three beers and a glass of lemonade
He went to bed and went to sleep.
You can have the chocolate mousse or the lemon tart
They'll win, or they'll lose.
This present is not for Peter, but Paul
I bought a new dress that was not red but pink.
We're going to Paris, but not to Rome.
We're going to Paris, but we're also going to Rome.
He was very tired yet very happy.
The director was rather young, yet the company was successful.
He went to bed and went to sleep.
You can have the chocolate mousse or the lemon tart
They'll win, or they'll lose.
This present is not for Peter, but Paul
I bought a new dress that was not red but pink.
We're going to Paris, but not to Rome.
We're going to Paris, but we're also going to Rome.
He was very tired yet very happy.
The director was rather young, yet the company was successful.
2.
Subcoordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to link two clauses
within a single sentence, when one clause is subordinate to the other. In
other words, the subordinate clause clarifies, expands or explains the meaning
of the main clause.
Some types of subordinate clause are introduced by
subordinating conjunctions, others (such as relative clauses) are not.
Common subordinating conjunctions includes:
as , because and since
(cause)
so and so
that (purpose)
although and though
(contrastive)
after, before, until,
while, etc. (temporal)
if, unless, as long as,
provided, whenever, whatever (conditional,
indirect question)
that (reported
speech, indirect statement, consequential)
USAGE:
Subordinating
conjunctions come at the start of the subordinate clause.
There are two sorts of subordinate clauses.
There are two sorts of subordinate clauses.
Most
subordinate clauses can come either before or after the main
clause. So unlike coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions
can stand at the start of a sentence.
but indirect
questions, relative clauses, and other subordinate clauses introduced by that, must normally be placed after the
main clause, just like a coordinated clause.
So is
a subordinating conjunction when it is used to denote a purpose.
A so clause denoting purpose does not usually come before the
main clause, but it is not impossible.
When so is
used with the meaning of therefore or and
similarly , it is a conjunctive adverb.
“A subordinate
clause cannot stand alone: it needs a main clause to complete the sentence.”
Examples:
In these examples, it is not possible to invert the two clauses in sentences written in red
In these examples, it is not possible to invert the two clauses in sentences written in red
1)
I 'm going to London because I've
got a new job.
2)
Since it's raining, I'm going to
the cinema this afternoon.
3)
She didn't want any more wine, as
she'd already drunk enough.
4)
As she'd drunk enough, she didn't
take any more wine.
5)
I'm locking the door,
so nobody can get in
6)
So he wouldn't forget to wake up,
he set his alarm for 5.30.
7)
Although I love him, I wouldn't
want to marry him.
8)
This book is good, though some bits
of it are rather boring.
9)
After I finished work, I went
straight home.
10) Until
they opened a new factory, they could not produce enough
11) If
you see anything suspicious, let me know at once.
12) He asked the policeman if he knew of a good restaurant.
13) Provided
you can swim, you can come out on our yacht.
14) You
can come out on our yacht, as long as you can swim.
15) I
won't go there, whatever he says.
16) This ice-cream is so good, that I'm going to have another one.
17) The man said that he was born in New York.
3.
Correlating Coordinators
These can either correlate words, or phrases, or clauses
(sentences).
The main examples are :
The main examples are :
·
both.... and, not only.... but
also, (combining correlators)
·
either...or , whether....
or not (binary choice correlators)
·
neither.... nor, (negative
correlators)
Other correlating pairs include: the more..... the more..... ; no sooner..... than... ; hardly
... than and a few others.
USAGE:
With words and phrases, the coordinator normally has to precede the
element it is correlating; when clauses are correlated, the coordinators
either precede each correlated clause, or precede the verbs in these clauses.
But these special cases should be noted:
Both ... and can correlate
words, and occasionally clauses (Examples 1 - 3)
When not only starts a clause, the verb and subject of the first clause are inverted. (Example 4)
But also can be omitted, after not only (Example 6)
When nor introduces a clause, subject and auxiliary/modal verb are inverted. (Examples 16 - 18)
Neither can be replaced by not or never in the first of two correlated clauses. (Example 18)
When no sooner or hardly introduce clauses, auxiliary and subject are inverted.
When not only starts a clause, the verb and subject of the first clause are inverted. (Example 4)
But also can be omitted, after not only (Example 6)
When nor introduces a clause, subject and auxiliary/modal verb are inverted. (Examples 16 - 18)
Neither can be replaced by not or never in the first of two correlated clauses. (Example 18)
When no sooner or hardly introduce clauses, auxiliary and subject are inverted.
Examples:
1) This
is both stupid and incomprehensible.
2) Both the
president and the prime
minister were there.
3) I
can understand both his
reasons and his arguments.
4) Not only
can I hear him, but also I
can see him
5) I
can not only hear
him, but also see him.
6) Not only can
I hear him, I can see him (too).
7) I
bought not only some blue
suede shoes, but also a
big cowboy hat.
8) It's either right or wrong.
9) Either it's
right, or it's wrong
10) Either Mummy or Daddy will pick you up after
school.
11) I'll
go there whether or not I'm
allowed to.
12) I'll
go there whether I'm
allowed to or not.
13) We're
going home now, whether you
like it or not.
14) Neither Paul nor Mary could come to my party.
15) I'm neither angry nor happy.
16) I neither like that man, nor dislike him
17) I neither like that man; nor do I dislike him.
18) I
have never been to Florida
on holiday; nor have I
been there on business.
19) The more you
earn, the more you spend.
20) No sooner had I opened the door, than the phone rang.
21) Hardly had the plane taken off, than the pilot reported some
trouble.
Chapter III – FINAL
Conjunctions are words
that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.
Conjunctions allow you
to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of multiple short
sentences. Make sure that the phrases joined by conjunctions are parallel (share
the same structure.)
Coordinating
conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical
rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember them by
using the mnemonic device FANBOYS.
Correlative conjunctions
are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some examples are either/or,
neither/nor, and not only/but also.
Subordinating
conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses. A subordinating
conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or some
other kind of relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating
conjunctions are because, since, as, although, though, while, and whereas.
Sometimes an adverb, such as until, after, or before can
function as a conjunction.
Many of us were taught
in school that it is an error to begin a sentence with a conjunction, but that
rule is a myth. As mentioned above, a subordinating conjunction can begin a
sentence if the dependent clause comes before the independent clause. It’s also
correct to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Often, it’s a good
way to add emphasis. Beginning too many sentences with conjunctions will cause
the device to lose its force, however, so use this technique sparingly.
REFERENCES
